Viruses are the ultimate parasite. While the sequence of events varies somewhat from virus to virus, the general strategy of replication is similar: Adsorption: The surface of the virion contains structures that interact with molecules (receptors) on the surface of the host cell. Introduction to Virology Epidemiologic studies show that viral infections in developed countries are the most common cause of acute disease that does not require hospitalization. Because viruses replicate intra-cellularly, recovery from a viral infection requires the action of specific cyto-toxic T lymphocytes which recognise and eliminate virus-infected cells. Zobacz inne Literatura obcojęzyczna, najtańsze i najlepsze oferty. Viruses are capable of infecting all types of living organism from bacteria to humans, (including plants and insects!). Diagnostic virology 18 . Most DNA viruses are double stranded and most RNA viruses have a single stranded (ss) genome. ٣ General Virology I Introduction ¾Virology is the study of viruses, complexes of nucleic acids and proteins that have the capacity for replication in animal, plant and bacterial cells. H��Wے�H}ﯨGidtA�������x6b��>��A��*V%u��/�_�'3KB-|OTy9�y�ԫ����{��{��&*V��]�����8��j��ֹڞ��x�D��ږ��}���n?�ŋh��s�)]��G��b!�ӆO�UڶU�#�[q>�� ��[Q�. Introduction to Virology 3 ch (3C) This course covers the fundamental features of virology including the structure and classification of viruses. This may occur either by budding from plasma membrane or else by disintegration (lysis) of the infected cell. Basic Virology, Third Edition. The proteins self assemble and a genome enters each new capsid. However, the virus infection is only the first step in the pathway to malignancy and only a small percentage of infected people actually get cancer. (host specific) In rare cases, viruses cross the host-species barrier, thus expanding their host range. The viral genome codes only for the few proteins necessary for replication: some proteins are non-structural e.g. ��������� Introduction to Virology• Recognizing the shape, size, and structure of different viruses is critical to the study of disease – Viruses have an inner core of nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat known as an envelope – Most viruses range in sizes from 20 – 250 nanometers Dr.T.V.Rao MD 5 6. Both viral and host factors contribute to clinical disease during the course of a viral infection. It is the specificity of the reaction between viral protein and host receptor that defines and limits the host species and type of cell that can be infected by a particular virus. Protozoa, yeasts, bacteria, mycoplasmas, rikettsiae and chlamydiae are all living organisms with the following features in common: Viruses do not share these properties. Viral diseases range from the common cold and diarrhea to life-threatening encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever, and smallpox. Capsids are either icosahedral or tubular in shape. This nanodegree will help students discover why viruses are so different from other organisms and how by studying them we could learn how to develop vaccines and control future outbreaks. Assembly of new virions �K8$DxY-�q�X���a�'CؚЭ�@u��%W{s��4i����UȒ�d]��*-�j�d��(�X���Pll��K�! they form part of the virion structure. A ssRNA genome may be either positive sense (this means that it can be used as mRNA to make proteins) or negative sense. Most viruses are beyond the resolving power of the light microscope. Enveloped viruses are inactivated; those without are resistant. Section 1 – Individual viruses Introduction to virology History of viruses The existence of viruses was first suspected in the nineteenth century when it was shown that filtered extract of infective material passed through filters small enough to stop all known bacteria could still be infectious, and hence the ‘virus’ (Latin for poisonous liquid) concept was first introduced. endstream endobj 49 0 obj<> endobj 51 0 obj<> endobj 52 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 53 0 obj<> endobj 54 0 obj<> endobj 55 0 obj<> endobj 56 0 obj<> endobj 57 0 obj<> endobj 58 0 obj<>stream This is a quiz about viruses. Release of new infectious virions is the final stage of replication. Professor Carolyn Williamson, Secretary: 20 How do we Detect and Measure Viruses? %PDF-1.4 %���� This is usually a passive reaction (not requiring energy), but highly specific. Viruses are successful parasites. MS Word 2010 Introduction MS Word 2010 Introduction The genome consists of only one type of nucleic acid: either RNA or DNA. Basic Virology, Third Edition. However, there are certain viruses that are able to evade the immune response and establish persistent infections in their host. Title: Introduction to Virology 1 Introduction to Virology The Nature of Viruses Why Study Viruses A Brief History of Virology Detection and Measurement of Viruses Virus Replication Cycle 2 The Nature of Viruses. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. Assembly of new viral capsids takes place either in the nucleus (e.g. 0000000785 00000 n Fungal and bacterial pathogens were recognized and characterized in some detail by 1880, but it was not until after the turn of the century that viral pathogens were identified, and considerably later before they were clearly defined. © University of Cape Town 2020. Introduction to Virology (PDF 31P) This note covers the following topics: Virus Classification, SARS, Coronavirus, Paramyxovirus, Measles, Influenza Virus, Rotavirus, Parvovirus, Cutaneous Wart, Herpes Simplex Virus Keratitis, Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Smallpox. Baltimore classification 19 . Viruses are the smallest infective agents. Envelope = lipid membrane which surrounds some viruses. 0000002534 00000 n Negative sense RNA is complimentary to mRNA, in other words, it has to be copied into mRNA. Introduction to Virology I. Background/Discovery The concept behind modern virology can be traced back to Adolf Mayer, Dimitri Ivanofsky and Martinus Beijerinck who, independently in the late 1880’s, discovered what was later to be called tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). University of Cape Town South Africa, Head of Division: 50 0 obj<>stream An effective immune response can eliminate most viruses from the body and thus most viral infections are short lived. Transcription and translation of viral mRNA and synthesis of the structural ("late") proteins which are needed to make new virions. Download PDF Download Full PDF Package. Observatory 7925 On the whole, these persistent infections are asymptomatic and only manifest clinically if the patient becomes immuno-compromised. (��`����Q�A�Hb��M�i�>��[��-.3�Z����d'��\C�]T�4�k� a>-� The most famous example of such a virus is HIV, but there are many others. 0 Multiple copies of the viral genome are synthesized by a viral polymerase (one of the "early" proteins). INTRODUCTION TO VIROLOGY. Uptake: The process whereby the virion enters the cell. Summarize the history of virology. Viruses contribute significantly to the global burden of infectious disease. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Introduction to Modern Virology. Viruses are uniquely different from the many uni-cellular micro-organisms you have studied so far. 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